Jurnal Riset Kimia

Front Matter

Editor in Chief Jurnal Riset Kimia — 2024-09-30

Preface
It is with great gratitude that I welcome the opportunity to serve again as Editor in Chief of the Jurnal Riset Kimia. In this edition, we present a variety of articles that reflect the latest innovations and developments in the field of chemical research. Each published contribution has gone through a rigorous assessment process, and I hope the results will provide new insights and become an important reference for researchers, academics, and practitioners around the world.
In this edition, we present a compelling collection of research articles that reflect the cutting-edge advancements in material science, medicinal chemistry, and environmental sustainability. The diversity of topics addressed showcases the interdisciplinary nature of modern scientific inquiry, emphasizing the importance of innovation and collaboration in tackling contemporary challenges.
Together, these articles not only advance our understanding of their respective fields but also exemplify the crucial interplay between science and sustainability. As we continue to navigate the complexities of modern research, the contributions of these authors provide hope and direction for future innovations that benefit both society and the environment.
I would like to thank all the authors, reviewers, and editorial team who have contributed to the publication of this edition. This collaborative effort reflects our commitment to improving the quality of research and publications in chemistry. May the Jurnal Riset Kimia continue to be a useful and inspiring platform, encouraging continuous knowledge exchange and innovation within the scientific community.

Padang, 30 September 2024
Editor in Chief
Jurnal Riset Kimia
Dr. rer. nat. Syafrizayanti
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Universitas Andalas

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) Berbasis Nanofiber Selulosa untuk Menunjang Baterai Litium Berdensitas Tinggi dan Ramah Lingkungan

Ahmad Ali Muckharom — 2024-09-30

Lithium battery as one of the energy storage has two important elements, namely electrodes and electrolyte. Electrolyte is a part of the battery element that has undergone many developments. In this study, the manufacture of electrolytes in the form of Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) was carried out by utilizing the abundant availability of nata de coco. The nanofibrous cellulose structure in Bacterial Cellulose (BC) nata de coco has the advantages of good porosity, flexibility in surface functionality, compact porous structure that provides abundant ion pathways and hetero atoms (oxygen atoms) with free electron pairs that facilitate ionic conduction. The SPE synthesis process was carried out by varying the soaking time of nata de coco in ethanol, namely 1, 2 and 3 days to determine the structure with optimal results. FTIR characterization results show the synthesis of cellulose nanofiber has the same groups as commercial cellulose groups in the form of O-H, C-H, C=O and C-O. CV characterization results show the SPE electrolyte has good redox properties, especially in the 2-day variation with the highest specific capacitance. The EIS test showed the lowest resistance in the 1-day variation sample with a conductivity of 0.017 ohm-1.

Studi Molecular Docking dan Evaluasi Farmakokinetik Senyawa Analog Pirazol Turunan Benzen-Sulfonilurea sebagai Inhibitor Enzim Aldose Reduktase and α-Glukosidase Menggunakan Pendekatan In Silico

Yuni Fatisa — 2024-09-30

The pyrazole scaffold modification in various chemical structures on several studies has shown various biopharmacological activities. This study aims to predict the potential inhibition of pyrazole analogs derived benzene-sulfonylurea (4A, 4B, 4E, 5A, 5C, 5D) against the α-glucosidase (3A4A) and aldose reductase (3RX2) enzymes based on a molecular docking approach using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2020.0102 software and evaluate pharmacokinetic profile (ADMET). In this study, the six test compounds were obtained from previous studies that have been proven antihyperglycemic. The results showed that all the 3,5-disubstituted benzene-sulfonylurea derivative pyrazole analogs are predicted to have low inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Further, all compounds showed good aldose reductase inhibitor activity and had lower binding free energy values than tolrestat as the positive control (-6.82 kcal/mol). Compound 5C has the best potential inhibitory activity against the aldose reductase enzyme compared to the other test compounds, because it has the lowest binding free energy value (-8.76 kcal/mol) and interacts with important residues on the receptor forming four hydrogen bonds, namely the carbonyl group of SO₂with residues Trp111 and His110, and the carbonyl group of the amide with residues His110 and Tyr48, as well as 3 hydrophobic bonds, namely a pyrazole ring with residues Leu300, Trp219 and a furan ring with Phe122. ADMET properties of the compounds are also predicted. This information provides an opportunity for a 5C compound as an aldose reductase inhibitor agent to develop drug candidates with better and safer activities.

Synthesis And Characterization of Biodegradable Foam (Biofoam) From Taro Starch (Colocasia Aesculenta)-Chitosan

Zidni Azizati — 2024-09-30

Biodegradable foam can be used as an alternative packaging which is safe for health and environment. The raw material used to produce biofoam is starch. Taro consist of 67.42% starch. Contrarily, biofoam produced from starch has fragile mechanical properties. The addition of chitosan aims to improve the mechanical properties of biodegradable foam. Beside that, Chitosan is expected to reduce water absorption and increase tensile strength of biodegradable foam without reducing degradability. Biodegradable foam was synthesized by three steps, first step was isolation of starch from taro, second step was synthesis of biodegradable foam from taro starch-chitosan which used various concentration of chitosan to study the effect of chitosan addition for mechanical properties of biodegradable foam. Various concentration of chitosan was 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (w/w). Third step was characterization of biodegradable foam. The Analysis of biodegradable foam was carried out included FTIR functional group, mechanical properties, biodegradability and water absorption. The result showed that the best tensile strength test was 1% chitosan addition with a value of 3.75 MPa; based on water absorption test, the optimum sample was 4% chitosan addition with a value of 11.66%. The results of the functional group analysis of FTIR biodegradable foam contained of C=O (amide), CN, NH and OH groups which indicated the existence of chitosan in the sample.

Efek Pendoping Nd3+ Pada Senyawa BaBi2-xNdxNb2O9 Terhadap Struktur, Sifat Dielektrik Dan Optik

Zulhadjri Zulhadjri — 2024-09-30

The Aurivillius compound with formula BaBi_2-xNd_xNb₂O₉ (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4) has been successfully synthesized using the molten salt method, showing potential as a ferroelectric material. The impact of Nd³⁺ substitution on the structure, morphology, dielectric, and optical properties has been systematically analyzed. XRD data refinement confirms that BaBi_2-xNd_xNb₂O₉ (BBNN) exhibits an orthorhombic structure with an A2₁am space group. Anisotropic plate-like grains were observed across all samples, decreasing their size as Nd³⁺ content increases. The ferroelectric transition temperature (T_c) decreases due to structural distortion caused by the reduction of the lone pair 6s² electron effect of Bi³⁺ when substituted with Nd³⁺. Moreover, this structural distortion also contributes to an increase in bandgap energy (E_g). The diffuse ferroelectric phase transition is characterized by a broadened T_c peak induced by Nd³⁺ substitution due to increased cationic disruption in the bismuth layers. The ferroelectric phase with a lower and broader T_c suggests that the x = 0.4 sample has the potential for electrocaloric applications.

Pengaruh Compatibilizer Polyvinyl Alcohol-graft-Maleic Anhydride (PVA-g-MAH) terhadap Karakteristik Plastik Degradable Berbasis Pati Sagu dan Pati Biji Nangka

Rozanna Dewi — 2024-09-30

Degradable plastics may be employed as a substitute for conventional plastics in various commercial applications. Plastics made from starch and PVA-g-MAH are biodegradable. This research uses sago and jackfruit starch, a maleic anhydride compatibilizer, and PVA to make degradable plastics stronger. The research method consists of several stages, making sago starch and jackfruit seed starch, preparing degradable plastic synthesis, and testing the resulting degradable plastic. The test of mechanical characteristics of degradable plastics carried out is the tensile strength test of 4.41 Mpa - 6.02 MPa on sago starch-based degradable plastic with PVA-g-MAH, while the tensile strength of 6.86 - 8.43 MPa on jackfruit seed starch-based degradable plastic with PVA-g-MAH. The test shows that the compound is hydrophilic, meaning it binds to water and is easily degraded by soil. The DSC thermogram shows that the plastic samples degrade when heated, both thermogram peaks occur which indicate physical changes. The swelling value obtained in sago starch degradable plastic with PVA-g-MAH is (28.14-72.17%) while in jackfruit seed starch degradable plastic, the swelling obtained ranges from (25.91-84.72%) showing a good result. Sago starch and jackfruit seed starch degradable plastics degraded in 6-18 days using PVA-g-MAH. Sago starch and jackfruit seed starch-based plastics using PVA-g-MA meet the ASTM 6400 standard for biodegradable plastics. The plastic should be able to biodegrade up to 60% within six months or 90% within one year.

The Impact of pH Preparation on the Physical Nature and Metal Phase of Zeolite-Supported Metal Catalyst

Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas — 2024-09-30

The synthesis of CoMo/USY catalysts has been widely carried out. However, the bond strength between metal and USY is still a problem. Therefore, this research has synthesised the catalyst with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA). Apart from that, the effect of pH on the characteristics of the catalyst is also reviewed. This research aims to analyse the effect of preparation pH on catalyst characteristics. In the preparation process, the pH of the solution is set at values of 2, 7, and 8. Catalyst activation includes a calcination process and reduction. The catalyst characterisation uses XRD, GSA, and FTIR instruments to determine phase composition, specific surface area, and functional groups. The result showed that pH preparation significantly influenced the metal loading on the catalyst and reached a maximum at pH 8. The surface area is not directly related to the pH of the preparation but has the opposite property depending on the amount of metal added. Meanwhile, it was found that the CoO and MoO3 phases were achieved on the catalyst by all pH preparations. On the other hand, the CoMo alloys are present on the catalyst at pH 7 and 8, while the Co and Mo elements are visible at pH 2. The difference in pH during the synthesis process impacts the shift in the absorption wave number of the OH vibration.

Isolasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dari Ekstrak Heksana Batang Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris)

Antoni Pardede — 2024-09-30

Isolation is a method of obtaining pure secondary metabolite compounds from plant extracts, which provide benefits such as health, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. This research has been carried out and aims to isolate the secondary metabolite compound from the hexane extract of the kelakai stems (Stenochlaena palustris). Phytochemical screening of that extract resulted in a positive-containing steroid. The isolation method includes the separation of hexane extract with column chromatography using silica gel as the stationary phase and eluted successively with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate (step gradient polarity). The column chromatography of the hexane extract resulted in five fractions (H₁–H₅). Furthermore, fraction H₃ was purified to obtain a white needle crystal. The isolated compound spot is invisible in thin-layer chromatography (KLT) under an ultraviolet lamp at 254 nm and 365 nm wavelengths. The isolated compound structure was elucidated by proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy (MS), as well as comparisons with literature data. The isolated compound is a group of steroids identified as β-sitosterol with the molecular formula C₂₉H₅₀O.

Profile of a Composite Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Drug Release Matrix for Tetracycline Hydrochloride

Afif Dwi Sukmaningrum — 2024-09-30

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer with good mechanical properties and hydrophilicity. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer widely used in medicine. Both have been researched for their potential in drug release and acceptance. This study aims to determine the role of BC and PVA as drug release matrices for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), with additional fillers such as graphite (G) and TiO₂. The results showed that the composites with BC matrix had lower mechanical properties than those with PVA matrix, with tensile strength values of 6.4075 and 17.446 MPa, respectively. However, the BC matrix was superior in porosity and swelling ability. The drug release testing of TCH from the composites showed that the appropriate model to describe drug release in BC matrix composites was in zero order, while the PVA matrix was in first order. The antibacterial activity of the composites on both matrices was tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The results indicate that both composites have potential applications in promising biomedical fields.

Potensi Aktivitas Antimalaria Residu Hidrodestilasi Kulit Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum Burmanii) Melalui Penghambatan Polimerisasi Heme

Rahma Dona — 2024-09-30

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) is a herbal plant from Indonesia which is widely used in cooking, cosmetics and medicine. Cinnamon bark isolate is thought to contain compounds with the structure of isoquinoline which are known to be used as antimalarials. The aim of this study was to examine the potential antimalarial activity of extracts and fractions of cinnamon bark hydrodistillation residue based on the % inhibition and IC₅₀ value. These results will also be compared with extracts and fractions of cinnamon bark without hydrodistillation as controls. The test method is carried out in vitro by heme polymerization inhibitor. The test results showed that the n-hexane fraction, DCM fraction did not have inhibitory activity, while the ethyl acetate fraction had better potential than other extracts and fractions, where the ethyl acetate fraction after hydrodistillation (residue) had an IC₅₀ value of 71.84 µg/mL, while the ethyl acetate fraction without hydrodistillation (control) had an IC₅₀ value of 120.05 µg/mL. This result is better than hydroxychloroquine as positive control which has an IC₅₀ value of 184.98 µg/mL. These results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction from the hydrodistillation residue of cinnamon bark can be utilized and has potential as an antimalarial.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Ban Bekas untuk Sintesis Nanokomposit MnO2/C dengan Metode Hidrotermal sebagai Material Superkapasitor

Rizky Putra Adithia — 2024-09-30

Activated carbon from waste tires is used as MnO₂ metal oxide doping in making MnO₂/C-based nanocomposites into high-density and environmentally friendly supercapacitor electrodes. The MnO₂/C nanocomposite synthesis process was carried out using the hydrothermal method by varying the mass of activated carbon by 1.25 g, 2.5 g and 3.75 g to determine the optimum results. Based on the results of research that has been carried out, it shows that MnO₂/C can be used as a high density supercapacitor electrode. This is in accordance with the XRD test results which show that the MnO₂ nanocomposite with the addition of C was successfully synthesized and has an orthorhombic crystalline phase. The SEM test results show that the material has almost the same morphology, namely many protrusions which make each particle have high roughness. The most optimal results were obtained from the MnO₂/C-50 variation because it has the highest C element content, namely 39.93%, so it has the highest capacitance value of 5.791 f/g during the CV test. The GCD test shows that electrodes with a carbon variation of 2.5 g have a much longer and constant charge-discharge measurement time. In the EIS test, this variation shows a resistance value that is not too high and not too small, materials that have good storage capacity or capacity have moderate resistance.

Analysis of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Cashew Leaf Extract (Anacardium occidentale L.) with Varying Ethanol Concentrations

Risma Kurniasari — 2024-09-30

This study evaluated the effectiveness of various ethanol concentrations (50%, 70%, and 96%) in extracting bioactive compounds from cashew leaves (Anacardium occidentale). Parameters analyzed included total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH and H₂O₂methods. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract produced the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as significant antioxidant activity compared to other ethanol concentrations. This study offers practical insights for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries in selecting the optimal solvents for cashew leaf extraction. Additionally, the analysis showed that the 70% ethanol extract offered an optimal balance between extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity, making it the most efficient solvent for commercial use.

Aktivitas Antirayap Kulit Batang dan Akar Tumbuhan Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) Terhadap Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

Waninul Fahma — 2024-09-30

Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) is one of the Meliaceae family plants known to produce various compounds with various activities. The Meliaceae family is known to have fruit seeds with a bitter taste that can be utilized as an antifeedant in insects. However, research on the bioactivity and content of secondary metabolites in the roots and bark of kokosan as termiticides against subterranean termites has never been reported. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and test the anti-termite activity of extracts and fractions of kokosan root and stem bark against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren termites. Root and stem bark powder were macerated separately using methanol solvent and then fractionated to obtain n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions (residue). Each extract and fraction was fed to termites through cellulose paper at a concentration of 5% for 3 days. Based on the results of phytochemical tests on extracts and fractions from the roots and bark of kokosan, it is known to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and phenolic compound groups. The results of the anti-termite activity test are based on the percentage mortality value obtained by the methanol extract of the most active root with a value of 97.2% and paper weight loss of only 6.92%. In the ethyl acetate fraction of the roots, mortality was 84.4% and paper weight loss was 2.38%, and the n-hexane fraction of the stem bark showed mortality of 87.6% and paper weight loss of 2.20%. The kokosan root obtained has the most active activity against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.