Synthesis of Mg-doped TiO2 Using a Hydrothermal Method as Photoanode on Bixin-Sensitized Solar Cell

Authors

  • Winda Rahmalia Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
  • Intan Syahbanu Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
  • Nurlina Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
  • Ayu Widya Sari Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia
  • Septiani Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.622

Keywords:

bixin, DSSC, Mg Doping, photoanode, band gap energy

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) with magnesium (Mg) doping for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanode application has been synthesized. DSSC components used in this study were photosensitizer (bixin), electrolyte (), cathode (platinum), and photoanode (Mg-TiO2). This research aims to determine the characteristics of Mg-doped TiO2 photoanode with variations in dopant concentration based on the results of XRD and DR/UV-Vis analysis, as well as to determine the maximum efficiency conversion energy of DSSC using Mg-doped TiO2 and undoped TiO2 as photoanodes. The synthesis of TiO2 and Mg-TiO2 was carried out using the hydrothermal method with variations in the concentration of Mg dopant of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% based on the molar ratio. The presenceof 2% of Mg in anatase TiO2 paste decreased the TiO2 band gap from 3.15 to 2.60 eV. Analysis results show that adding Mg dopant decreased the crystal size. Mg dopants on TiO2 could also form new energy levels, which reduced the band gap energy of TiO2. In addition, the increased concentration of Mg dopants also shifted the absorption capacity of TiO2 from the ultra-violet (UV) wavelengths region to the visible light area. The maximum energy conversion efficiency of the DSSCs with Mg-doped TiO2 photoanode of 0.5, 1, and 2% are 0.045; 0.070, and 0.172%, respectively, where these three efficiency values are higher than undoped TiO2 (0.017%). The results proved that the presence of Mg dopants on the TiO2 photoanode can increase the efficiency of DSSC.

References

Tontapha, S., Uppachai, P. & Amornkitbamrung, V., Fabrication of Functional Materials for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells. Front. Energy Res., 9(April): 1–9 (2021).

Ananth, S., Vivek, P., Saravana Kumar, G. & Murugakoothan, P., Performance of Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract as photo sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cells. Spectrochim. Acta - Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 137: 345–350 (2015).

Sharma, K., Sharma, V. & Sharma, S. S., Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Fundamentals and Current Status. Nanoscale Res. Lett., 13: (2018).

Alazoumi, S., Elhub, B., Awsha, A. A., Alazoumi, S. H. & Elhub, B., A Review on the development of TiO2 photoanode for Solar Applications. Albahit J. Appl. Sci., 2(2): 9–9 (2021).

Ruhane, T. A., Islam, M. T., Rahaman, M. S., Bhuiyan, M. M. H., Islam, J. M. M., Newaz, M. K., Khan, K. A., et al., Photo current enhancement of natural dye sensitized solar cell by optimizing dye extraction and its loading period. Optik (Stuttg)., 149: 174–183 (2017).

Khan, M. I., Farooq, W. A., Saleem, M., Bhatti, K. A., Atif, M. & Hanif, A., Phase change, band gap energy and electrical resistivity of Mg doped TiO2 multilayer thin films for dye sensitized solar cells applications. Ceram. Int., 45(17): 21436–21439 (2019).

Cui, Y., Zhang, L., Lv, K., Zhou, G. & Wang, Z. S., Low temperature preparation of TiO2 nanoparticle chains without hydrothermal treatment for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. A, 3(8): 4477–4483 (2015).

Rahmalia, W., Silalahi, I. H., Usman, T., Fabre, J. F., Mouloungui, Z. & Zissis, G., Stability, reusability, and equivalent circuit of TiO2/treated metakaolinite-based dye-sensitized solar cell: effect of illumination intensity on V oc and I sc values. Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy, 10(2): 1–10 (2021).

Widiatannur, U., Usman, T. & Rahmalia, W., 555-1711-1-Pb (1). 05(2655): (2020).

Neetu., Singh, S., Srivastava, P. & Bahadur, L., Hydrothermal synthesized Nd-doped TiO2 with Anatase and Brookite phases as highly improved photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cell. Sol. Energy, 208(July): 173–181 (2020).

Prakash, J., Samriti., Kumar, A., Dai, H., Janegitz, B. C., Krishnan, V., Swart, H. C., et al., Novel rare earth metal–doped one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures: Fundamentals and multifunctional applications. Mater. Today Sustain., 13: 100066 (2021).

Ünlü, B. & Özacar, M., Effect of Cu and Mn amounts doped to TiO2 on the performance of DSSCs. Sol. Energy, 196(October 2019): 448–456 (2020).

Shakir, S., Abd-ur-Rehman, H. M., Yunus, K., Iwamoto, M. & Periasamy, V., Fabrication of un-doped and magnesium doped TiO2 films by aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition for dye sensitized solar cells. J. Alloys Compd., 737: 740–747 (2018).

Lv, C., Lan, X., Wang, L., Yu, Q., Zhang, M., Sun, H. & Shi, J., Alkaline-earth-metal-doped TiO2 for enhanced photodegradation and H2 evolution: Insights into the mechanisms. Catal. Sci. Technol., 9(21): 6124–6135 (2019).

Athira, K., Merin, K. T., Raguram, T. & Rajni, K. S., Synthesis and characterization of Mg doped TiO2nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications. Mater. Today Proc., 33(xxxx): 2321–2327 (2020).

Mursal., Malahayati., Azmi, N. & Fatmiyah, S., Synthesis of TiO2-based photoelectrode and natural dye for dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1882(1): (2021).

Wahab, H. S. & Hussain, A. A., Photocatalytic oxidation of phenol red onto nanocrystalline TiO2 particles. J. Nanostructure Chem., 6(3): 261–274 (2016).

Nam, T. Van., Trang, N. & Cong, B., Mg-doped TiO2 for dye-sensitive solar cell: An electronic structure study. Proc. Natl. Conf. Theor. Phys, 37: 233–242 (2012).

Zhang, R., Zhou, Y., Peng, L., Li, X., Chen, S., Feng, X., Guan, Y., et al., Influence of SiO2 shell thickness on power conversion efficiency in plasmonic polymer solar cells with Au nanorod@SiO 2 core-shell structures. Sci. Rep., 6(January): 1–9 (2016).

Karkare, M. M., Choice of precursor not affecting the size of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles but affecting morphology under broader view. Int. Nano Lett., 4(3): (2014).

Liu, J., Yang, H., Tan, W., Zhou, X. & Lin, Y., Photovoltaic performance improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells based on tantalum-doped TiO2 thin films. Electrochim. Acta, 56(1): 396–400 (2010).

Giridhar, P. Venugopalan, A. Parimalan, R., A Review on Annatto Dye Extraction, Analysis and Processing – A Food Technology Perspective. J. Sci. Res. Reports, 3(2): 327–348 (2014).

Rios, A. D. O., Borsarelli, C. D. & Mercadante, A. Z., Thermal degradation kinetics of bixin in an aqueous model system. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(6): 2307–2311 (2005).

Gómez-Ortíz, N. M., Vázquez-Maldonado, I. A., Pérez-Espadas, A. R., Mena-Rejón, G. J., Azamar-Barrios, J. A. & Oskam, G., Dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extracted from achiote seeds. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 94(1): 40–44 (2010).

Rahmalia, W., Septiani., Naselia, U. A., Usman, T., Silalahi, I. H. & Mouloungui, Z., Performance improvements of bixin and metal-bixin complexes sensitized solar cells by 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide in electrolyte system. Indones. J. Chem., 21(3): 669–678 (2021).

Rahmalia, W., Fabre, J. F., Usman, T. & Mouloungui, Z., Aprotic solvents effect on the UV-visible absorption spectra of bixin. Spectrochim. Acta - Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 131: 455–460 (2014).

Rahmalia, W., Fabre, J.-F. & Mouloungui, Z., Effects of Cyclohexane/Acetone Ratio on Bixin Extraction Yield by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Method. Procedia Chem., 14: 455–464 (2015).

Llansola-Portoles, M. J., Pascal, A. A. & Robert, B., Electronic and vibrational properties of carotenoids: From in vitro to in vivo. J. R. Soc. Interface, 14(135): (2017).

Rodriguez, D., A Guide to Carotenoid Analysis in Foods. Life Sciences, (2001).

Rahimi, N., Pax, R. A. & Gray, E. M. A., Review of functional titanium oxides. I: TiO2 and its modifications. Prog. Solid State Chem., 44(3): 86–105 (2016).

Kim, B. M., Rho, S. G. & Kang, C. H., Effects of TiO 2 structures in dye-sensitized solar cell. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 11(2): 1515–1517 (2011).

Mousa, M. A., Khairy, M. & Mohamed, H. M., Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on an N-Doped TiO2 and TiO2-Graphene Composite Electrode. J. Electron. Mater., 47(10): 6241–6250 (2018).

Kumar, N., Hazarika, S. N., Limbu, S., Boruah, R., Deb, P., Namsa, N. D. & Das, S. K., Hydrothermal synthesis of anatase titanium dioxide mesoporous microspheres and their antimicrobial activity. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 213: 181–187 (2015).

Ulhaq, M. R. & Kusumawardani, C., The Effect of the Hydrothermal Time and Temperature in the Synthesis to the Properties of Nitrogen-doped TiO2. Indones. J. Chem. Environ., 5(1): 17–24 (2022).

Eka Sri Kunarti, et. a., Pengujian Aktivitas Komposit Fe2O3-SiO2 Sebagai Fotokatalis Pada Fotodegradasi 4-Klorofenol. Manusia dan Lingkungan. Kimia FMIPA UGM. Yogyakarta, 16(Maret): 54–64 (2009).

Zhang, J., Peng, W., Chen, Z., Chen, H. & Han, L., Effect of cerium doping in the TiO 2 photoanode on the electron transport of dye-sensitized solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C, 116(36): 19182–19190 (2012).

Yacoubi, B., Samet, L., Bennaceur, J., Lamouchi, A. & Chtourou, R., Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing Properties of transition metal doped-titania electrodes : Impact on efficiency of amorphous and nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 30: 361–367 (2015).

Ahmed, M. I., The Effect of Optical Energy Gaps on the Efficiency for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ( DSSC ) by using Gum Arabic Doped by CuO and ( Coumarin 500 , Ecrchrom Black , Rhodamin B and DDTTc ) Dyes. (December): (2019).

Downloads

Published

2023-10-17

How to Cite

Winda Rahmalia, Intan Syahbanu, Nurlina, Ayu Widya Sari, & Septiani. (2023). Synthesis of Mg-doped TiO2 Using a Hydrothermal Method as Photoanode on Bixin-Sensitized Solar Cell. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 14(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v14i2.622

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 2 (2023): September

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Please find the rights and licenses in Jurnal Riset Kimia (J. Ris. Kim). By submitting the article/manuscript of the article, the author(s) agree with this policy. No specific document sign-off is required.

1. License

The use the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 

2. Author(s)' Warranties

The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author(s), has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author(s).

3. User Rights

Under the Creative Commons license, the journal permits users to copy, distribute, and display the material for any purpose. Users will also need to attribute authors and J. Ris. Kim on distributing works in the journal and other media of publications.

4. Rights of Authors

Authors retain all their rights to the published works, such as (but not limited to) the following rights;

  • Copyright and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
  • The right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
  • The right to reproduce the article for own purposes,
  • The right to self-archive the article,
  • The right to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article's published version (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.

5. Co-Authorship

If the article was jointly prepared by more than one author, any authors submitting the manuscript warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to be agreed on this copyright and license notice (agreement) on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this policy. J. Ris. Kim will not be held liable for anything that may arise due to the author(s) internal dispute. J. Ris. Kim will only communicate with the corresponding author.