Retractions and Expressions of Concern

Retraction may be considered when published findings are no longer reliable because of major error or misconduct, plagiarism, redundant publication, unethical research, or other circumstances that substantially undermine the integrity of the article.

An expression of concern may be issued when serious questions have been raised but the available evidence is not yet sufficient to support a definitive editorial action.

Retractions, expressions of concern, and related notices are handled with reference to relevant COPE guidance and are designed to preserve the integrity of the scholarly record rather than to punish authors.