Data, Reporting, and Research Reproducibility

Transparent Research Reporting

Authors should report research methods, experimental procedures, analytical methods, and results with sufficient detail to support scholarly evaluation and, where feasible, independent replication. Research findings must be presented accurately and supported by appropriate evidence.

Data Availability Statement

A data availability statement must appear in every research article and identify whether the underlying data are openly available, available from the authors on reasonable request, restricted for ethical or legal reasons, or not applicable.

When data or code are deposited in a repository, authors should provide a persistent link or identifier. Any restrictions on data access must be explained in the manuscript.

Data and Image Integrity

Authors must not fabricate, falsify, selectively omit, or manipulate research data or images in a way that misrepresents the research. Any legitimate processing or modification of research images or data must be accurately described when relevant to their interpretation.

Editorial Verification

Editors may request underlying data, research protocols, analytical records, computational files, or original image files when necessary to assess a submission or investigate a concern. Authors are expected to cooperate with reasonable requests while observing applicable ethical, legal, and confidentiality restrictions.